By the end of this course, students will be able to:

• Critically assess the transformation of late Ottoman socio-political ideologies in the early 20th century.
• Compare the ideological foundations of the Ottoman Empire with those of the Turkish Republic.
• Analyze the role of Islamism, Turkism, and Westernism/Modernism in shaping modern Turkey’s intellectual and political landscape.
• Evaluate primary and secondary sources to form independent interpretations of late Ottoman and early Republican thought.
• Apply comparative analysis skills to broader discussions on modernization, nationalism, and political reform in historical contexts.